Programming PDF – Windows NT

Windows NT

– Unfold the Windows operating system:

● Windows 3.1 -> private users (based on MS-DOS) -> W95
● Windows NT 3.1 -> professionals and companies (new) -> NT4

– Windows NT 4

● Windows NT 3.51 successor
● Inherits the Win95 user interface (GUI)
● Versions:

– Windows NT Workstation
– Windows NT Server

– Windows NT 5.0 = Windows 2000

● Professional Windows 2000 = Windows NT 5 Workstation
● Windows 2000 server

– Windows NT 5.1 = Windows XP
– Windows NT 5.2 = Windows 2003 Server and Windows XP 64
– Windows NT 6.0 = Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 …

Features

– Portability

● Written in C
● Abstraction layer hardware (HAL)
● Available on Intel x86, MIPS, Alpha and PowerPC

– Storage

● Support up to 4GB of RAM (128GB for x64)
● NTFS file system, HPFS (OS / 2) and FAT
● RAID support

– Multitasking

● Multiprocessor support
● Isolation between tasks
● Multi-thread

– Win32, OS / 2 and POSIX compatibility

– Security

● System access control
● User rights and permissions on files, directories, and

shares

Access and security management

– Domains

● Domain controller -> user database (SAM)
● Set of computers linked to the domain
● User -> privileges to enter in the domain
● Confidence relationships between different domains
● Centralized management: users, groups and policies of

security

– User management
● Groups and users
– Local ( team)
– Globales (domain)

Special groups: administrators, operators of

printing, etc.

● Accounts and user profiles

– Account definition:

● Personal data
● Password and expiration
● Groups to which it belongs
● Logon time
● Expiration of the account
● Private directory

– User profile

● includes the desktop, start menu, "my documents" ,

personal configuration.

● Types of user profiles: local and mobile

● Security policies

– Configuration of centralized users and computers
– Types:

● Associated with equipment
● Associated with users and groups (local or global)

– Security

● The rights of users and groups apply to the entire

domain

● Security policies
● Data encryption
Owner and file permissions:

– Owner of a directory / files
– Permissions on a file: Reading (R), Writing (W), execution
(X), Deletion (D), change of permits (P), takeover
(O)

– Permits for a directory: Reading (R), Writing (W), Entering

(X), Deleting (D), changing permissions ( P), takeover
(O)

Windows NT architecture 32

applications
(clients)

subsystems
environment

executor

Windows architecture 64

– HAL

● Hardware abstraction
● Single "specific" layer for each device

– Kernel

● Minimized
● Process control and management
● Changes of context
● Interrupt control

– Executor: several components:

● Object manager -> creation, modification and elimination ination of

objects

● Process Manager -> creation and deletion of processes.

Save process information

● Virtual memory manager
● I / O Manager
● LPC (Local Procedure Call) -> communication between local processes
● SRM (Security Reference Monitor) -> security system

– Environment subsystems -> applications interface

● Win32 subsystem -> Win32 API
● POSIX subsystem -> POSIX application support
– Portability only source code for console applications
– WinXP -> changed to "interix"
● Still needing to recompile
● X11 support but does not include X11 server

● OS / 2 subsystem -> OS / 2 application support

– Binary support but only in console mode up to OS / 2 1.3
– Deleted in Windows XP

● DOS virtual machine -> 16-bit application support

– Subsystem startup process (logon)

● Request identification
Connects to the security subsystem

● Memory management

– Paged virtual memory (4KB pages)
– 32-bit linear memory space (4GB) -> 16TB for 64 bits

● Management Process

– Proper multitasking support
– Cooperative multitasking support within a

virtual machine

– Multithreaded support -> task sharing
– Multihil
– Process planning by priorities: 32 levels

of priority.

.



Source link

from Nettech Post https://ift.tt/2C0t7O7